Photogeneration of hydrogen sensitised by a water-soluble 9-oxothioxanthene

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Abstract
The photophysical properties of a water-soluble 9-oxothioxanthene have been determined in dilute aqueous solution. The first excited singlet state, which is of charge-transfer character, is strongly fluorescent and possesses a relatively long lifetime. Inefficient triplet-state formation occurs, but the triplet state, which is also of charge-transfer character, has a very long lifetime in the absence of oxygen. Neither excited state is able to abstract hydrogen atoms from organic materials, but both oxidative and reductive electron-transfer reactions can be observed following irradiation in the presence of viologens, iron(III) ions or amines. Irradiation at 400 nm in the presence of triethylamine and colloidal Pt produces H2 with an optimised quantum yield of 1.02. The total yield of H2 obtained upon exhaustive photolysis and the rate of H2 formation compare favourably with any photosystem reported previously.

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