Constant-rate infusion of nicotine and cotinine. I. A physiological pharmacokinetic analysis of the cotinine disposition, and effects on clearance and distribution in the rat

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Abstract
The tissue partition of cotinine was measured by a GC-MS method following a 6-day constant-rate input of nicotine and cotinine to male rats by means of an osmotic minipump. The tissue-to-blood partition coefficients of cotinine were calculated for adipose (0.08), brain (0.48), heart muscle (0.55), intestinal (0.53), hepatic (0.64), pulmonary (0.50), renal (0.99), and skeletal muscle tissue (0.51), following the cotinine infusion. When nicotine was infused the tissue partitioning of cotinine increased by a factor of 2.3–4.9, depending on the tissue sampled. Another group of animals were killed at timed intervals from 10 min to 30 hr, after having received a single intravenous bolus dose of 0.5 mg cotinine, and the washout of cotinine was traced in blood and tissues. A physiological model was used to simulate the disposition of cotinine. Generally, the model-predicted concentrations were consistent with those found experimentally. The fractional uptake of cotinine into various tissues was simulated. Blood, intestinal, and skeletal muscle tissues embodied more than 70% of the total body load of the drug. Clearance (Cl),volume of distribution (Vd),and the biological half-life (t1/2)were calculated both from the infusion study and by fitting a monoexponential model to the iv blood data of the rat. Significant differences were found in the apparent clearance calculated from the single iv bolus dose compared to the constant rate infusion. The volume of distribution was, however, consistent from both studies. The impact of a change in clearance was also simulated.