Effect of PGE1 on TNF‐α status and hepatic D‐galactosamine‐induced apoptosis in rats

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Abstract
Prostaglandin E1 has hepatoprotective properties in several clinical and experimental models of liver dysfunction. Hepatotoxicity induced by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) is a suitable animal model of human acute hepatic failure. The aim of the study was to investigate if prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) protection against hepatic D-GalN-induced apoptosis was related to tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content in serum. This cytokine is associated with in vitro apoptosis and general inflammatory disorders. In this study, PGE1 was administered 30 min before D-GalN to rats. In other experiments, several doses of TNF-α were administered 15 min after PGE1 to D-GalN-treated rats. Several parameters related to apoptosis and necrosis were measured by flow cytometry, gel electrophoresis, biochemical analysis, and optical and electron microscopy. Tumour necrosis factor-α was quantified by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PGE1 by itself did not modify the cell cycle of hepato-cytes and liver toxicity, but increased TNF-α in serum in comparison with the control group. D-Galactosamine increased the percentage of hepatocytes in apoptosis and in the S phase of the cell cycle, and decreased those in G0/G1. Such an increase of hepatocytes in apoptosis was correlated with a higher number of apoptotic bodies and DNA fragmentation in liver than control samples. Also, D-GalN increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase and TNF-α in serum compared with the control group. Pre-administration of PGE1 to D-GalN-treated rats reduced all the parameters of apoptosis and necrosis in liver, and increased additionally TNF-α content in serum. In those experiments where low doses of TNF-α were administered to PGE1 and D-GalN-treated rats an inverse relationship appeared between TNF-α and ALT content in serum. In conclusion, the protective effects of PGE1 on D-GalN-induced apoptosis may be linked to its capacity to modulate cell division and/or its immunomodulatory activity. In this sense, our experimental results suggest that TNF-α could be involved in protection or exacerbation of liver damage in relation to the pathophysiological status of the liver.