Effect of influenza immunization on immunologic and virologic characteristics of pediatric patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus

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Abstract
We evaluated the responses of HIV-infected children to a single dose of split-virus influenza vaccine and the relationship to viral load and other characteristics. Fifty-three HIV-infected children ages 1.8 to 13.2 years were given influenza vaccine for the 1994 to 1995 influenza season (Wyeth-Ayerst: A/Texas H1N1, A/Shangdong H3N2 and B/Panama). Immunologic and virologic factors were assessed at the time of and 2 to 10 weeks after immunization. The differences between pre- and postimmunization CD4+ counts, CD4+:CD8+ ratios and viral load were not significant. Thirty-one of 53 children (58.4%) had a > 2-fold increase and 16 of 53 (30%) had a 4-fold rise in their postimmunization antibody titers for at least one component of the vaccine. Influenza immunization in the 1993 to 1994 flu season and administration of intravenous immunoglobulin around the time of immunization was not associated with immune response to the vaccine. Factors that were negatively associated with antibody response included increased time between samples (P = 0.004) and decreased preimmunization CD4+:CD8+ ratio (P = 0.02). Influenza immunization in this population is safe, and a positive antibody response to influenza immunization is not associated with significant clinical events or change in HIV-1 plasma viral burden.