Comparison of the cardiovascular effects of meptazinol and naloxone following haemorrhagic shock in rats and cats

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Abstract
The cardiovascular effects of the opioid mixed agonist‐antagonist, meptazinol, and the opioid antagonist, naloxone, have been evaluated in conscious rats, anaesthetized rats and anaesthetized cats following the induction of haemorrhagic shock. The mean arterial pressure of conscious rats decreased by 17–29 mmHg following a haemorrhage of 20% of blood volume. Meptazinol (17 mg kg−1, i.m.) administered after haemorrhage evoked a rapid and sustained increase in mean arterial pressure to pre‐haemorrhage levels. Naloxone (10 mg kg−1, i.v.) also increased mean arterial pressure to a level significantly higher than post‐haemorrhage values. Neither haemorrhage nor subsequent drug treatments evoked significant changes in the heart rates of conscious rats. In anaesthetized rats, 20% haemorrhage evoked decreases in mean arterial pressure, heart rate and cardiac output. Blood flow to the heart, skin, skeletal muscle, kidneys, spleen and liver (arterial) was decreased. Meptazinol and naloxone increased blood pressure and total peripheral resistance, but did not significantly alter heart rate or cardiac output. Hepatic arterial flow decreased further in both drug and vehicle treated groups. In addition meptazinol slightly reduced skeletal muscle flow. In anaesthetized cats 40% haemorrhage decreased mean arterial pressure by 46 ± 3 mmHg. An intravenous infusion of either meptazinol or naloxone (cumulative 2 mg kg−1, i.v.) partially restored blood pressure. In experimental animal models of haemorrhagic shock, meptazinol has a similar cardiovascular profile to naloxone. The established analgesic activity of meptazinol may confer an advantage in some shock states.