The cyst-motile stage relationships of Protoperidinium monospinum (Paulsen) Zonneveld et Dale comb. nov. and Gonyaulax verior (Dinophyta, Dinophyceae) from the Oslo Fjord (Norway)

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Abstract
Living dinoflagellate cysts from surface sediments of the Oslo Fjord (Norway) have been germinated to examine cyst-motile stage relationships. These relationships in two species, Protoperidinium monospinum (Paulsen) Zonneveld et Dale comb. nov. and Gonyaulax verior (Meunier) Soumia have been established. Protoperidinium monospinum was merged with Protoperidinium minutum (Kofoid) Loeblich by Meunier in 1919 under the latter name. The species described in the present paper can be assigned to the same species complex as P. minutum. However, there are slight differences in thecal morphology and distinct differences in cyst morphology, therefore the name P. monospinum is re-introduced and an emended diagnosis is included here. The cyst-motile cell relationship of Gonyaulax verior was established by Matsuoka et al. (1988). The relationship described in the present paper differs from that documented by Matsuoka and a detailed description of the species is provided.

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