Facial Malformations and Spinal Anomalies

Abstract
Facial malformations have generally been associated with spinal anomalies but this report reviews children with specific facial abnormalities and attempts to document accompanying spinal anomalies. The most common types of facial malformations vary predictably in their influence on spinal or other musculoskeletal abnormalities. Apert and Goldenhaar syndromes are associated with significant spinal anomalies.

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