Recent formations and Their Basal Topography in and around Tokyo Bay, Central Japan

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Abstract
This paper summarizes the subsurface geology of the recent (both and latest formations and the buried topography beneath them in and around Tokyo Bay, the type area of the late Quaternary in Japan. Buried abrasion platforms in the buried topography are classified into upper (ca. 0 to −10 m high) and lower (ca. −20 to −40 m) platforms; upper and lower buried river terraces are also distinguished, and are correlated to the subaerial late Pleistocene terraces of Tc1 and Tc2, respectively. A buried valley system is elucidated, of which the trunk valley floor reaches −70 m in Tokyo and emerges into a flat surface at the shelf edge in the entrance to Tokyo Bay. Approximate dates for these geomorphic surfaces are given. The height of sea level contemporaneous with the buried valley floor (ca. 20,000–15,000 yr BP) is estimated at about −135 m. The recent formations are divided into two members, upper and lower, by a middle sand bed, in addition to the lowest buried valley floor gravel. The lower member, which is composed of brackish to marine deposits of complicated lithofacies, was accumulated in narrow drowned valleys during the early stage of the Yurakucho (Flandrian) transgression. The middle sand bed is the foreset bed of deltas, which was formed during a slight regression between ca. 11,000 and 10,000 yr BP. The upper member, which consists mainly of widespread homogeneous marine clay and deltaic sand, was accumulated in a wide bay and its embayments during the late stage of the Yurakucho transgression and the following stage of a relatively stable sea level.

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