Theorem on the Reality of the Electromagnetic Potentials

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Abstract
The Bohm-Aharanov effect reminds us that the EM potentials have a certain physical reality even in a fieldfree region if that (multiply connected) region encloses nonzero flux. We prove a theorem which isolates for any such vector field the physically significant, gauge-independent component. Application to “hydrodynamical” quantum mechanics and to the macroscopic quantum states exemplified in superconductivity shows that such curl-less potentials are responsible for nonzero angular momentum, which is another aspect of their physical reality.

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