Abstract
The interpretation of 2-dimensional radiographs or computerized tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US) sections with inferences made about 3-dimensional anatomy is the foundation of diagnostic radiology. A large variety of estimation methods which can be applied to 2-dimensional CT/US sections to estimate their 3-dimensional properties is presented. The techniques are easily utilized in a research or clinical setting, do not require computerization and can provide statistically accurate 3-dimensional information based on 2-dimensional sampling with minimal effort. Although the examples are directed at diagnostic radiology, the estimation procedures may be employed in analogous fields such as microscopy or section anatomy.

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