Interfacial Interaction between Dextran Sulfate and Lipid Monolayers: An Electrochemical Study

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Abstract
The interaction between dextran sulfate (DS) with zwitterionic dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and negatively charged dipalmitoylphosphatidic acid monolayers at different surface pressures at air-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces was studied using Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and electrochemical techniques. The negatively charged DS can bind to phospholipids via calcium ions. To investigate the mechanism of the adsorption of DS on lipid monolayers, compression isotherms (pi-A) and capacitance-potential curves were measured, and a theoretical model was developed to interpret the capacitance data. The compression of lipid monolayers in the presence of DS led to a more condensed hybrid layer, removing the LE-LC phase transition of DPPC. Lower surface pressures improved the binding of DS on the lipid monolayers via calcium bridges due to the electrostatic attraction. Alternating current voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry were used to monitor the transfer of a cationic beta-blocker (metoprolol) across lipid monolayers in the absence and presence of the polyelectrolyte and to compare with the transfer of the standard probe, tetraethylammonium cation. Results showed a strong dependence on (i) the surface pressure, (ii) the applied potential, and, (iii) in the case of the hybrid layer, the charge of the phospholipid headgroup. Finally, results were also confirmed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, performed after transferring lipid multilayers onto a solid substrate by the LB method.