Enhancement of Thermal Injury to Photosynthesis in Wheat Plants and Thylakoids by High Light Intensity

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Abstract
Thermal inhibition and photoinhibition of plants, which may occur simultaneously in nature, were investigated to determine whether the two causal stresses interact and to characterize any interactions that occurred. Photosynthetic rates of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Len) seedlings declined gradually after temperature treatment increased from 22 to 42°C or after photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) treatment increased from 450 to 2000 micromoles per square meter per second and fell rapidly after the stresses were simultaneously imposed. Stomatal conductance and internal CO2 were affected little, indicating the interaction occurred in chloroplasts. Thylakoid whole chain electron transport, quantum yield, and saturating PAR intensity were decreased by high temperature and an additional amount by high PAR treatments. Photosystem reactions involving water oxidation were inhibited more than other reactions, and chlorophyll fluorescence transients indicated most inhibition was on the photooxidizing side of photosystem II. Injury was influenced little by the order in which the stresses were imposed and was always most severe when they were combined. Release of proteins from thylakoid membranes was not detected. Lability to the stresses was lowest in thylakoids from vegetative stage plants and increased as plants matured. We concluded that thermal injury is accentuated by high PAR, the two stresses may act at a common site near the water oxidizing complex, and their interaction may be involved in photosynthetic decline during adverse conditions.