Psychoeducational Characteristics of Children and Adolescents with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

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Abstract
In recent years, researchers have observed selective neuropsychological impairment associated with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in childhood. At increased risk are children who develop diabetes before the age of 5, who experience severe hypo- and hyperglycemia, or who have frequent episodes of mild to moderate hypoglycemia. This article explores the existing literature to establish frequency and consistency of general and specific neurocognitive deficits in this pediatric patient population, as well as the impact of these deficits on school achievement and learning disabilities. Studies are integrated to identify contributing diabetes and nondiabetes factors. This is followed by a reanalysis of the data from two studies of diabetic children to determine the learning disability characteristics of this population and the factors contributing to dysfunctional school performance. Findings are discussed in terms of the impact of different factors reflecting adequacy of diabetes control on specific psychoe-ducational abilities.