On Certain Unifying Principles in Ecology

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Abstract
An attempt is made to find some unifying principles, at the level of ecosystems. The structure is related to number of possible kinds of relations and, in consequence, to diversity of elements in the ecosystem. In terms of matter and energy, primary production (P) and biomass (B) are important parameters. A more complex structure (higher diversity) is associated with a lower energy flow per unit biomass (P/B), and both complementary aspects are combined to define maturity. Maturity increases along succession. Externally induced oscillations tend to retain the ecosystem in a state of lower maturity. When ecosystems contract or expand there are corresponding increase or decrease of maturity. Between adjoining or coupled subsystems there is a flow of energy towards the more mature subsystem and an opposite movement of the boundary or surface of equal maturity. It is suggested that a spatial correspondence exists between the juvenile portion of a unspecific population and the less mature subsystems or parts of the ecosystem available. Rhythm and mode of evolution are also related to the maturity of the ecosystems of which the evolving species are a part. Human exploitation always means a diminution in the maturity of the exploited ecosystems.

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