MRI-guided thermal therapy of transplanted tumors in the canine prostate using a directional transurethral ultrasound applicator

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Abstract
Purpose To evaluate MRI‐based techniques for visual guidance, thermal monitoring, and assessment during transurethral ultrasound thermal therapy of implanted tumors in an in vivo canine prostate model. Materials and Methods Transmissible venereal tumors (TVT) were grown in the right lobe of the prostate in four dogs. High‐temperature thermal therapy was selectively applied to the tumor‐bearing lobe using a transurethral ultrasound applicator with a 180° directional heating pattern. Temperature‐sensitive MRI (MRTI) using a fast interleaved gradient‐echo echo‐planar (iGE‐EPI) imaging sequence was used for cumulative thermal dose calculations in multiple image planes during the treatment. The results from MRTI‐based dose maps and post‐treatment MRI were compared to those from histologic analysis. Results MRTI monitoring in multiple planes across the prostate guided the use and control of a directive ultrasound applicator for the selective ablation of the sections of the prostate that contained implanted tumors. Findings in gadolinium enhanced MRI obtained immediately after thermal therapy slightly underestimated the size of tissue necrosis after treatment, as verified by histopathologic analysis. Conclusion The use of multiplanar MRTI with a transurethral ultrasound applicator shows significant potential for selective thermal ablation of prostate tumor and tissue.

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