The three‐dimensional tracking pattern of the human patella

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Abstract
A study was undertaken to provide data on the three‐dimensional tracking pattern of the patella, relative to the femur, in human knee‐joint specimens. For this purpose, a highly accurate roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) method was applied. The three‐dimensional motion patterns of the tibia and the patella were measured and represented in terms of three translations and three rotations each, during knee flexion in neutral (unloaded), endorotated, and exorotated pathways. We found that the patella displays complex but consistent three‐dimensional motion patterns during flexion, which include flexion rotation, medial rotation, wavering tilt, and a lateral shift relative to the femur. The motion patterns are very much affected by tibial rotations accompanying flexion.