An Illusion of Movement Complementary to the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion

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Abstract
Blindfolded subjects moved a stylus held in the hand over a standard distance of 4.5 ins. in a given direction. They then attempted to move the same distance in a direction at right angles to the first. Eight combinations of movements were investigated. The results reveal an illusion such that the extent of movements to left or right across the body is underestimated, while the extent of movements towards or away from the body in the mid-line is overestimated. The illusion applies to speed as well as extent of movement. Movement up or down in a vertical plane is equivalent to movement towards or away from the body in a horizontal plane. The interaction of this illusion with the well-known horizontal-vertical illusion of visual perception explains a failure to find any net illusory effect where lines visually displayed in different orientations were matched for length by unseen movements in similar orientations. Whether the visual and movement illusions simply co-exist or whether they are functionally related is not yet clear.

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