Proteinase-Activated Receptor 2: Differential Activation of the Receptor by Tethered Ligand and Soluble Peptide Analogs

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Abstract
Activation of rat proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) by trypsin involves the unmasking of the tethered sequence S37LIGRL42 that either tethered or on its own as a free peptide, activates PAR2. We aimed to determine whether different peptide sequences acting either as trypsin-revealed tethered ligands or as soluble peptides had the same relative activities for triggering the receptor. A comparison was also made between the different soluble and tethered receptor activating sequences in receptor constructs with extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) residues E232E233 (PAR2SR/EE) mutated to R232R233 (PAR2SR/RR). Using site-directed mutagenesis, we prepared PAR2 constructs with trypsin-revealed tethered ligand sequences corresponding to the synthetic receptor-activating peptides (PAR2APs): SLIGRL-NH2 (SR-NH2), SLIGAL-NH2 (SA-NH2), and SLIGEL-NH2(SE-NH2). Kirsten virus-transformed rat kidney cells stably expressing 1) wild-type PAR2 with site-mutated tethered ligands (PAR2SA/EE and PAR2SE/EE); 2) wild-type PAR2 with ECL2 mutated to R232R233 (PAR2SR/RR); and 3) PAR2 constructs with both the RR mutation in ECL2 and a mutation in the tethered ligand (PAR2SA/RR and PAR2SE/RR) were assessed for receptor-mediated calcium signaling and cell growth inhibition, upon activation either by trypsin or the above-mentioned PAR2APs. Trypsin exerted equivalent and full agonist activity on the PAR2 constructs, causing a maximum response between 20 to 80 nM. In contrast, the PAR2APs as free peptide agonists showed marked potency differences in all wild-type receptors with mutated tethered ligands (SR-NH2 ≫ SA-NH2 ≫ SE-NH2) and in all ECL2 RR mutated constructs (SE-NH2 > SR-NH2 ≫ SA-NH2). We conclude that for receptor activation, the trypsin-revealed PAR2 tethered ligand sequence interacts differently for receptor activation than does the same peptide sequence as a free peptide.