Abstract
Numerical analyses of six size and five shape measurements on 18 modern samples of Picea abies pollen throughout Europe and on one fossil sample from England are presented. The data were analysed by principal components analysis and multi-dimensional plotting. Their results indicate that at least 3 pollen morphological types exist, one mainly in northern Europe, the second in southern and south-eastern Europe, and the third in the Swiss Alps and southern Poland. Reasons for these patterns of variation relate to different Holocene migration histories of spruce.

This publication has 19 references indexed in Scilit: