Neuropathology in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease and Down Syndrome

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Abstract
This report examines the relationship between congenital heart disease (CHD) and neuropathological findings in three groups of patients: Down syndrome (45 cases), isolated CHD (296 cases), and CHD with multiple anomalies (92 cases). The increase in brain weight in Down syndrome was similar to control standards up to 1 year of age, after which it was less than normal. Among the three groups, there were differences in frequency in cyanotic CHD, history of operation, and macroscopic and microscopic brain malformations. The incidence of calcification in the brain was increased in Down syndrome. Nine children out of the total cohort had cerebrovascular abnormalities. Although CHD is frequent in Down syndrome, the cerebrovasculature is spared; only infrequent minor abnormalities of the circle of Willis were detected.