Purification and characterization of morphinone reductase from Pseudomonas putida M10

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Abstract
The NADH-dependent morphinone reductase from Pseudomonas putida M10 catalyses the reduction of morphinone and codeinone to hydromorphone and hydrocodone respectively. Morphinone reductase was purified from crude cell extracts to apparent homogeneity in a single affinity-chromatography step using Mimetic Yellow 2. The purified enzyme was a dimeric flavoprotein with two identical subunits of M(r) 41,100, binding non-covalently one molecule of FMN per subunit. The N-terminal sequence was PDTSFSNPGLFTPLQ. Morphinone reductase was active against morphinone, codeinone, neopinone and 2-cyclohexen-1-one, but not against morphine, codeine or isocodeine. The apparent Km values for codeinone and 2-cyclohexen-1-one were 0.26 mM and 5.5 mM respectively. The steroids progesterone and cortisone were potent competitive inhibitors; the apparent K1 for cortisone was 35 microM. The pH optimum for codeinone reduction was 8.0 in phosphate buffer. No reverse reaction could be detected, and NADPH could not be used as a reducing substrate in place of NADH. Morphinone reductase activity was strongly inhibited by 0.01 mM CuSO4 and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, suggesting the presence of a vital thiol group. Steady-state kinetic studies suggested a Ping Pong (substituted enzyme) kinetic mechanism; however, product-inhibition patterns were inconsistent with a classical Ping Pong mechanism. Morphinone reductase may, like several other flavoprotein dehydrogenases, operate by a hybrid two-site Ping Pong mechanism.