An enriched set of features of nuclear cataract identified by multidimensional scaling

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Abstract
Development of an improved system for visual classification of cataracts requires a three-step procedure: first, to identify the full range of visible features of cataracts; second, to develop and test scales for the visual assessment of each feature; and third, to establish the epidemiological or clinical validity of each scale for cataract classification. This paper focuses on the first step, applying a powerful psychometric technique for identifying the visible features of nuclear cataracts. New visual features of nuclear cataract were identified using the psychometric procedure of multidimensional scaling (MDS). Each of 5 observers independently examined pairings of slitlamp photographs of 24 cases of pure nuclear cataract, making two different ratings of dissimilarity of each of the 276 possible pairs. The two dissimilarity ratings were, first, of nuclear color and, second, of nuclear structure. MDS analysis of the dissimilarity ratings of nuclear color revealed two major visual features underlying the judgments: one a combination of hue and saturation, and the other brightness. Analysis of the ratings of nuclear structure identified a total of nine features: one distinguishing between immature and mature cataracts, four describing features of the immature cataracts (aspect ratio, background haze, clarity of the embryonal nucleus, and clarity of the outer nuclear shell), and four describing features of the mature cataracts (opalescence, aspect ratio, color of the nucleus, and symmetry). We conclude that there are many more systematic distinctions to be made in the appearance of nuclear cataracts than are now recognized in clinical practice.