Vespulid wasps at the upper forest margin in Tongariro National Park—a threat to the native biota?

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Abstract
Sightings of vespulid wasps at and near the variable upper forest margin are reported from Tongariro National Park. This may be a recent expansion of range. An arboreal nest of the common wasp Vespula vulgaris, active until early June at 1300 m a.s.l. on Mt Ruapehu is the highest reported in the Park, and other nests are present. Further spread of wasps into vulnerable habitats appears inevitable and may have serious implications for the native biota and users of upper forest and subalpine zones in New Zealand. Current gaps in knowledge are identified.