Adaptations of visual pigments to the photic environment of the deep sea

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Abstract
This is a summary of studies that bear on the problems of the adaptation of visual pigments to the photic environment of the deep sea. The results suggest that the spectral absorption of these retinal pigments is shifted toward the blue in order to match the dim, blue‐green downwelling light and/or the bioluminescence of organisms that are critical to the life of the species. Through such a spectral match, greater visual sensitivity is achieved for life in the special photic condition of their habitat. This adaptation has been found for chimaerid fishes, for elasmobranchs, for teleosts, for mammals, and for certain crustaceans and cephalopods. The most convincing evidence for such an adaptive match has been found in teleosts that have red‐emitting photophores. In these fishes a photopigment with absorbance shifted toward the red has been found by extraction and microspectrophotometry. A few exceptions to this idea of an adaptive match have appeared in the literature, the cone pigments, especially, being examples of such offset pigments. The malacosteid fishes have been shown to have a red‐shifted retinal pigment with 11‐cis‐3‐dehydroretinal as the chromophore and some invertebrates have also adopted this molecule to adjust the spectral absorption to the photic environment or to the bioluminescence. These studies are beginning to reveal that visual biochemistry is basically the same in vertebrates and invertebrates and that the visual pigment protein arose early in phylogeny and has been retained, with approprite modifications, to the present.
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