Prevalence and Cumulative Incidence of and Risk Factors for Anemia in a Multicenter Cohort Study of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected and –Uninfected Women

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Abstract
We conducted a longitudinal study of 797 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive women (7732 visits) and 389 HIV-negative women (3651 visits) to characterize anemia. At enrollment, the prevalence of anemia was 28.1% among HIV-positive women and 15.1% among HIV-negative women (P < .0001), and during follow-up the cumulative incidence of anemia was 74% and 48%, respectively (P < .0001). Risk factors for anemia were African American race (odds ratio [OR], 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.73–2.69), age (per 5-year increase; OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03–1.21), body mass index (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94–0.97), history of pneumonia (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.20–1.65), oral candidiasis (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.22–1.66), CD4+ lymphocyte count <200 cells/µL (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.46–1.94), history of fever (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.13–1.80), and zidovudine use (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.01–1.30). Anemia was common and associated with an increased risk of death (hazards ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.21–2.23) among HIV-positive women.

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