Interaction of the Soluble Recombinant PsaD Subunit of Spinach Photosystem I with Ferredoxin I

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Abstract
Photosystem I of higher plants functions in photosynthesis as a light-driven oxidoreductase producing reduced ferredoxin. Its peripheral subunit PsaD has been identified as the docking site for ferredoxin I. With the aim of elucidating the structure−function relationship and the role of this subunit, a recombinant form of the spinach protein was produced by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli. The PsaD protein was synthesized in soluble form and purified to homogeneity. The interaction of the PsaD subunit with ferredoxin I was investigated using three different approaches: chemical cross-linking between the two purified proteins in solution, affinity chromatography of the PsaD subunit on a ferredoxin-coupled resin, and titration with ferredoxin of the protein fluorescence of the subunit. All these studies indicated that the isolated PsaD in solution has a definite conformation and maintains the ability to bind ferredoxin I with high affinity and specificity. The Kd value of the complex of PsaD and ferredoxin is in the nanomolar range, which is consistent with reported Km values for ferredoxin I photoreduction by thylakoid membranes. The ionic strength dependence of the Kd suggests that the protein−protein interaction is at least partially electrostatic in nature. Nevertheless, none of the glutamate residues of the acidic cluster of residues 92−94 of ferredoxin I, which have been reported to be involved in the interaction with the subunit, seems to be essential for PsaD binding, as borne out by experiments using ferredoxin I mutants in positions 92−94.