Spherically Symmetric Simulation with Boltzmann Neutrino Transport of Core Collapse and Post-Bounce Evolution of a 15 Solar Mass Star

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Abstract
We present a spherically symmetric, Newtonian core-collapse simulation of a 15 solar mass star with a 1.28 solar mass iron core. The time-, energy-, and angle-dependent transport of electron neutrinos and antineutrinos was treated with a new code which iteratively solves the Boltzmann equation and the equations for neutrino number, energy and momentum to order O(v/c) in the velocity v of the stellar medium. The supernova shock expands to a maximum radius of 350 km instead of only about 240 km as in a comparable calculation with multi-group flux-limited diffusion (MGFLD) by Bruenn, Mezzacappa, & Dineva (1995). This may be explained by stronger neutrino heating due to the more accurate transport in our model. Nevertheless, after 180 ms of expansion the shock finally recedes to a radius around 250 km (compared to about 170 km in the MGFLD run). The effect of an accurate neutrino transport is helpful, but not large enough to cause an explosion of the considered 15 solar mass star. Therefore postshock convection and/or an enhancement of the core neutrino luminosity by convection or reduced neutrino opacities in the neutron star seem necessary for neutrino-driven explosions of such stars. We find an electron fraction Y_e > 0.5 in the neutrino-heated matter, which suggests that the overproduction problem of neutron-rich nuclei with mass numbers around A = 90 in exploding models may be absent when a Boltzmann solver is used for the electron neutrino and antineutrino transport.

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