Transport characteristics of paraquat across rat intestinal brush-border membrane

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Abstract
The mechanism of absorption of paraquat, which is a type of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), was studied using rat intestinal loops and brushborder membrane vesicles. Approximately 47% and 37% of radioactively labeled paraquat injected into jejunal and ileal loops disappeared, respectively, after 60 min. Since only a small amount of radioactivity was detected in the mucosal fraction, most of the paraquat that disappeared from the intestinal lumen was considered to have been carried away by the bloodstream, indicating that paraquat absorption was greater than expected. In spite of its low lipid solubility, the uptake of paraquat by brush-border membrane vesicles reflected smooth penetration into the intravesicular space rather than binding to the membrane. According to the increase in extravesicular paraquat concentration, paraquat uptake in the early stage was saturable. Moreover, early paraquat uptake was significantly inhibited by structurally-related QACs such as tetramethylammonium and choline, but not by an endogenous dicationic amine (putrescine). On the other hand, inside-negative membrane potential had no significant effect on the time course of paraquat uptake. From these results, it is suggested that paraquat is absorbed through a specialized mechanism associated with the carrier-mediated transport system for choline on the brush-border membrane.