The Northern Suture, Pakistan: margin of a Cretaceous island arc

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Abstract
The Northern Suture is a fault separating the Cretaceous Kohistan island arc terrain (northwest Himalayas) from Palaeozoic sediments of the Asian Plate to the north. The Kohistan arc includes volcanic and sedimentary rocks (andesitic lavas, tuffs, volcaniclastics, slates and limestones), metamorphosed to greenschist facies and intruded by the two-phase Kohistan Batholith. Asian continental margin sediments are mainly of shelf type, are variably metamorphosed and intruded by the Karakoram Batholith. The Northern Suture is a zone of melange from 150 m to 4 km wide, and contains blocks of volcanic greenstone, limestone, red shale, conglomerate, quartzite and serpentinite in a slate matrix. It has a strong planar fabric; but in many places bedding is preserved in blocks and matrix, and depositional rather than tectonic contacts are seen between the two. The melange is inferred to be an olistostrome largely derived from the Kohistan arc, formed in a small back-arc basin between Kohistan and Asia. Limestone blocks in the melange are dated as Aptian–Albian; post-tectonic intrusions yield radiometric ages from 111 to 62 Ma. The Northern Suture therefore probably formed in the early Late Cretaceous during closure of the back-arc basin. The Tethys ocean lay south of Kohistan, where the Main Mantle Thrust represents the westward continuation of the Indus–Tsangpo Suture.