Approaches to Sampling and Sample Pretreatments for Metal Speciation in Soils and Sediments

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Abstract
The main aspects of sampling and sample pretreatment in metal speciation studies of soils and sediments are discussed. The risks of sample contamination by the use of inappropriate materials, containers and tools as well as the possibilities of losses of analyte during sample handling are pointed out. Field sampling methods are described and minimum sample weight criteria for representative sampling of dry soils are presented. Sampling by traps and continuous flow centrifugation methods for suspended sediments and of bottom sediments by grabs or corers are compared. To avoid significant changes in some metal species drying and storage temperatures may need to be controlled and preservation in an inert atmosphere or by irradiation is discussed. The difficulties of establishing definitive protocols for sampling and sample pretreatment are emphasized as well as the need for selecting the appropriate technique in each particular case.