Development and the latest surgical methods for reconstruction of tracheal stenosis or defect by composite grafts and tracheal transplantation are described. The study gives a report on experiments (1) with 30 rabbits operated on tracheal defects by grafts and (2) with 12 animals after transplantation of cross-grafted tracheal segments to which immunosuppressives had been partially applied. The experiences are discussed in regard to the histological specimens that reveal good results in those animals with tracheal defects repaired by composite graft from the ear. On the other hand, it is shown that the immunosuppressive treatment has a comparatively good chance in tracheal transplantation.