The effect of dibutyryl camp (dBcAMP) on morphological differentiation, growth and invasion in vitro of a hamster brain‐tumor cell line: A comparative study of dBcAMP effects in 2‐ and 3‐dimensional cultures

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Abstract
The use of agents that stimulate cancer cells to differentiate is proposed as a potential approach to the treatment of malignancy. To evaluate the effects of a differentiation inducer on morphology, growth and invasion in vitro of brain‐tumor cells, a diffusely invasive hamster glial cell line (CxT3C15) was treated with Imm dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dBcAMP). The efficacy of dBcAMP was tested in monolayer cultures, 3‐dimensional static cultures (i.e., spheroids) and confrontation cultures with an embryonic chick heart. CxT3C15 cells exhibited increased numbers of long cellular processes (morphological differentiation) following treatment of monolayer cultures with Imm dBcAMP. One mm dBcAMP also altered the macroscopic and ultrastructural morphology of CxT3C15 grown as spheroids. These alterations were: (i) a fast transition of rough to smooth morphology macroscopically, and (ii) fading of the cell borders concomitant with the disappearance of cell‐membrane excrescences, as seen by scanning electron microscopy. Exponential growth of CxT3C15 in monolayers was not changed following treatment with ImM dBcAMP. Treatment of CxT3C15 spheroids with the same dose of dBcAMP caused a reduction of relative volume increase (30‐40%). Invasion of CxT3C15 in an embryonic chick heart in vitro was not altered after addition (prior to or at the time of co‐culture) of Imm dBcAMP to the co‐cultures. These results indicate that invasion of CxT3C15 is not necessarily linked to morphological differentiation or moderated by reduced proliferation.