Natural variation in the temporal patterning of calling song structure in the field cricket Gryllus pennsylvanicus: effects of temperature, age, mass, time of day, and nearest neighbour

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Abstract
Genetic and environmental sources of variation in the temporal patterning of song structure may be important variables influencing male field cricket reproductive success. Song structure in both field and laboratory populations of Gryllus pennsylvanicus was examined to assess possible sources of variation. Factors examined included temperature, male age, body mass, time of day, and male spacing patterns. Temperature was positively correlated with pulse rate and negatively correlated with interchirp interval for both field and laboratory populations. Temperature was negatively correlated with chirp duration only in the field population. Calling song structure did not vary with male age or mass. Time of day had a significant effect on the song parameters examined, even when data were corrected for temperature differences. Males calling in the morning had faster pulse rates and shorter chirp durations than males recorded at night time. Male spacing patterns also influenced calling; isolated males had longer intervals between consecutive chirps than clumped males. Data are discussed in terms of acoustical competition between males and female choice.

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