User Participation in Planning Environments

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Abstract
In this article, a conceptual framework of user participation in planning environments is proposed. The major elements of the framework include the parameters of participation (including type of participation), the effects of participation, mediators, and the role of individual difference variables as moderator variables and predictors of participation. Some potential uses of a framework of participation to researchers and planners are discussed. Participation as a value and as a technique is differentiated.