Because of some recent papers suggesting, and in some cases even stating, that tropical sprue and pernicious anemia are the same disease, it has seemed worth while to give some of our observations on cases of sprue, especially comparing those that are typical of the latter condition. The identity of these two diseases has been particularly insisted on by Wood,1 who has accepted Ashford's theory that Monilia causes sprue, and who has been able to take cultures of this yeast in all of his recent cases of pernicious anemia. He quite rightly says that for those who believe Monilia psilosis is the cause of sprue, the finding of this organism in pernicious anemia is one more point tending to prove the identity of these two diseases. We have recently published our results2 with mouth and stool cultures in eleven cases of sprue and seventeen cases of pernicious anemia. Recently also