Molecular Pathways in Virus-Induced Cytokine Production
Open Access
- 1 March 2001
- journal article
- review article
- Published by American Society for Microbiology in Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
- Vol. 65 (1) , 131-150
- https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.65.1.131-150.2001
Abstract
SUMMARY: Virus infections induce a proinflammatory response including expression of cytokines and chemokines. The subsequent leukocyte recruitment and antiviral effector functions contribute to the first line of defense against viruses. The molecular virus-cell interactions initiating these events have been studied intensively, and it appears that viral surface glycoproteins, double-stranded RNA, and intracellular viral proteins all have the capacity to activate signal transduction pathways leading to the expression of cytokines and chemokines. The signaling pathways activated by viral infections include the major proinflammatory pathways, with the transcription factor NF-κB having received special attention. These transcription factors in turn promote the expression of specific inducible host proteins and participate in the expression of some viral genes. Here we review the current knowledge of virus-induced signal transduction by seven human pathogenic viruses and the most widely used experimental models for viral infections. The molecular mechanisms of virus-induced expression of cytokines and chemokines is also analyzed.Keywords
This publication has 281 references indexed in Scilit:
- Binding of the epstein-barr virus major envelope glycoprotein gp350 results in the upregulation of the TNF-α gene expression in monocytic cells via NF-κb involving PKC, PI3-K and tyrosine kinasesJournal of Molecular Biology, 2000
- Human T-Cell Lymphotrophic Virus Type-I tax Gene Induces Secretion of Human Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1αBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1999
- Generic Signals and Specific OutcomesCell, 1999
- Herpesvirus Entry Mediator, a Member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) Family, Interacts with Members of the TNFR-associated Factor Family and Activates the Transcription Factors NF-κB and AP-1Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1997
- Correlation of virus replication, cytokine (TNF-? and IL-1) producing cells, neuronal necrosis and inflammation after intranasal infection of mice with herpes simplex virus strains of different virulenceArchiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, 1995
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 TAT Enhances Interleukin-2 Promoter Activity Through Synergism with Phorbol Ester and Calcium-Mediated Activation of the NF-AT cis-Regulatory MotifBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1994
- Increased Levels of Sequence-Specific DNA-Binding Proteins in Human Cytomegalovirus-Infected CellsBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1993
- Constitutive Expression and Production of Tumor Necrosis Factor-β in T-Cell Lines Infected with HTLV-I and HTLV-IIBiochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 1993
- A TH1→TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infectionImmunology Today, 1993
- Hydrolysis of inositol lipids: an early signal of human cytomegalovirus infectionArchiv für die gesamte Virusforschung, 1988