The Theory of Bose–Einstein Condensation of Dilute Gases

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Abstract
Bose‐Einstein condensation (BEC) has long been known to be a key element of macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superconductivity and superfluidity. BEC per se, however, eluded direct and unquestioned observation until 1995, when experimental groups produced condensates in dilute atomic alkali gases. Bose–Einstein condensates are an ideal testing ground for quantum field theory in real time and at finite temperatures—basic topics of great importance for diverse physical systems.