Dinoflagellate Toxins as Probable Cause of an Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus) Kill, and Pteropods as Apparent Vector

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Abstract
Stomachs of Atlantic herring (C. harengus harengus) from a kill that occurred in the Bay of Fundy during a bloom of the toxic dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata contained pteropods, algal remains and paralytic toxins. Experiments show that comparable amounts of G. excavata toxins can kill herring rapidly. It is likely that the kill was caused by paralytic dinoflagellate toxins, and that the pteropod Limacina retroversa, a planktonic herbivore, acted as a vector of the toxins.

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