Looking Beyond Nativity: The Relation of Age of Immigration, Length of Residence, and Birth Cohorts to the Risk of Onset of Psychiatric Disorders for Latinos

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Abstract
Past studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding risk of psychopathology for U.S. Latinos by nativity possibly due to differences across immigrants in their age of arrival to the United States, their length of residence in the United States, or birth-cohort differences. In this article, we seek to document the relation of age of arrival, time in the United States, and cohort effects on the risk of onset of psychiatric disorders using a nationally representative sample of 2,554 Latinos in the coterminous United States. We assessed risk of onset of psychiatric disorders using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview ( Kessler & Us-tun, 2004 Kessler, R. C. and Ustun, T. B. 2004. The World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 13: 93–121. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar] ). Findings indicate that Latino immigrants have lower risks of onset for some psychiatric disorders in their country of origin, but once in the United States, Latino immigrants appear to experience similar risks of onset as U.S.-born Latinos of the same age. The longer Latino immigrants remain in their country of origin, the less cumulative risk of onset they experience, resulting in lower lifetime rates of disorders. These findings could potentially be due to variation in cultural and social norms and expectations across geographical contexts, differences in family structure and gender roles, as well as artifactual-level explanations.