Nickel uptake by Flacountiaceae of New Caledonia

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Abstract
Herbarium and field specimens (over 300) of all of the Flacountiaceae of New Caledonia were analysed for nickel in order to indentify hyperaccumulators (> 1000 μg/g dry mass) and to assess nickel accumulation in relation to the evolutionary status of ‘nickel plants’ of New Caledonia. One hyperaccumulator was identified in the genus Lasio-chlamys , ten among Xylosma , one among Casearia and seven among Homalium . Although these Homalium nickel plants had previously been recorded, fresh data for these and other Homalium are presented. The remarkable tolerance of Flacourtiaceae to ultrabasic rocks is shown by the fact that 75 % of the species are found on such substrates. The number of hyperaccumulators was greatest in the genera Xylosma and Homalium . The Flacourtiaceae are among the most primitive of all angiosperms and in common with other primitive hyperaccumulators, contain nickel as a complex with citric acid. The only advanced New Caledonian nickel plant ( Psychotria douarrei ) has most of its nickel bound with ligands other than citric acid, a feature of other advanced hyperaccumulators. It is postulated that nickel complexing with citric acid may be a primitive character. Most of the New Caledonian nickel plants belong to the order Violales of subclass Dilleniidae. It is suggested that hyperaccumulation of nickel is an evolutionary character which occurs in long-indisturbed floras such as that of New Caledonia.