Epiphyte Communities of the Swan Valley, Montana

Abstract
Epiphyte communities in low-elevation conifer forests of the Swan Valley of western Montana respond to complex gradients of canopy structure and density, stand age and moisture. Epiphytes read the environment differently than do vascular plants. Stand age and moisture gradients that are reflected in the vascular vegetation are differently expressed by epiphytes. Epiphytes equate young stands with dry stands and old stands with wet stands in the Swan Valley, more so than vascular plants. A strategy of investigation using both ordination and classification methods was used to clarify patterns in composition and environment.

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