The Severity of Dental Fluorosis in Children Exposed to Water with a High Fluoride Content for Various Periods of Time

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Abstract
Inhabitants of the Ikeno district of Japan were accidentally exposed to drinking water containing 7.8 ppm fluoride (F) for 12 years, after which water with 0.2 ppm F was substituted. Dental examinations of local inhabitants revealed that only children aged seven years or less at the introduction or aged 11 months or more at the removal of the high-F water had fluorosis. Regular inspections were made of the 86 children between those age limits. The severity of fluorosis in three tooth types (first permanent molars, upper central incisors, and first premolars) was assessed and related to the period of use of the high-F water. Continuous exposure throughout tooth development resulted in severe changes in all three tooth types. With limited exposure, the age at the beginning and at the end was an important factor in determining the severity of the fluorosis. The pattern of change from normal to severe fluorosis differed in the three tooth types, influenced by their respective times of formation. Two 'at-risk' periods for the production of moderate or severe fluorosis were evident. One started at birth and ended early in tooth development, while the other started later and ended at eruption. The duration of F exposure, although determining the initial degree of fluorosis, did not influence the rate of post-eruptive enamel loss.