Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase-1 Enhances Nuclear Factor-κB-Mediated Gene Transcription through Methylation of Histone H3 at Arginine 17

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Abstract
Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase-1 (CARM1) is known to enhance transcriptional activation by nuclear receptors through interactions with the coactivators p160 and cAMP response element binding protein-binding protein (CBP) and methylation of histone H3 at arginine 17 (H3-R17). Here, we show that CARM1 can act as a coactivator for the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and enhance NF-κB activity in a CBP (p300)-dependent manner. This enhancement in 293T cells was abolished by cotransfection with a specific short hairpin RNA targeted to knockdown CARM1. Chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated CARM1 recruitment in vivo to the promoters of NF-κB p65-regulated genes along with CBP and steroid receptor coactivator-1. This was accompanied by an increase in histone H3-R17 methylation as well as H3-K9 and H3-K14 acetylation, and a decrease in H3-citrulline. Immunoprecipitation with anti-p65 antibody revealed that CARM1 physically interacts with NF-κB p65. Furthermore, we demonstrated the physiological significance by observing that similar events occurred when THP-1 monocytic cells were stimulated with TNF-α or with S100b, a ligand for the receptor of advanced glycation end products, both of which are associated with diabetic complications and also known inducers of NF-κB and inflammatory genes in monocytes. These results demonstrate that CARM1 participates in NF-κB-mediated transcription through H3-R17 methylation and support a nonnuclear receptor-associated function for CARM1. They also demonstrate for the first time that CARM1 occupancy, histone H3-R17 methylation, and citrullination are regulated at the promoters of inflammatory genes in monocytes, thereby suggesting a novel role for histone arginine modifications in inflammatory diseases.