The isotopic composition of solar energetic particles

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Abstract
Since the launch of ACE in August 1997, the Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) has observed 11 large solar particle events in which elemental and isotopic composition was determined over a large energy range. The composition of these events has raised many issues and challenged generally accepted characterizations of solar energetic particle (SEP) events. In particular, 3 He/ 4 He enhancements have been observed in several large events as well as enhancements of heavy ions typically associated with smaller impulsive events. The isotopic composition varies substantially from event to event (a factor of 3 for 22 Ne/ 20 Ne ) with enhancements and depletions that are generally correlated with elemental composition. This correlation suggests that the isotopic enhancements may be related to the Q/M fractionation typically evident in the elemental composition of SEP events. However, there are also significant deviations from this pattern, which may imply that wave-particle resonances or other mass fractionation processes may be involved. We review the recent isotopic observations made with ACE and discuss their implications for particle acceleration and transport.

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