California’s Experience with Mosquitoes in Aquatic Wastewater Treatment Systems

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Abstract
The history of wastewater treatment ponds in California is directly linked to the state and federal Clean Water Grant Program. In the early days of the grant program, concern was expressed about the possibility of mosquito production in oxidation ponds (which had been reluctantly accepted by state and local health departments) based on guidelines developed by the California State Department of Health Services to minimize mosquito production. These guidelines were as follows: Ponds must be kept clear of all vegetation, and a program for regular maintenance must be developed. Banks must be steep enough to discourage vegetation along the margins of the pond (minimum slope of 3:1). Pond depth must exceed 4 feet to discourage emergent vegetation.

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