The value of detecting surface and cytoplasmic antigens in acute myeloid leukaemia

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Abstract
The immunophenotype of leukaemia cells from 60 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was analysed with the APAAP technique using a panel of anti‐myeloid and lymphoid associated monoclonal antibodies (McAb). Cells from all cases, including three with negative cytochemical features, were labelled by at least one of the anti‐myeloid McAb CD13, anti‐myeloperoxidase (anti‐Mpo), and/or CD14. The most sensitive marker was GD13, since it was positive in 90% of cases. In two out of three AML cases defined as MO‐AML, CD13 was expressed in the cytoplasm but not on the membrane; in these three cases peroxidase (Mpo) was not detected by conventional cytochemistry, but could be demonstrated in all of them using the McAb anti‐Mpo. The simultaneous expression of GD14 and CD68 McAb was often confined to the M4 and MS FAB AML subtypes (92% cases) as compared to the others: Ml, M2, M3 (18% cases). Lymphoid antigens were rarely positive (TdT +: 13%, CD7 +: 15%, CD19 +: 5%) and none of the AML cases were CD3+ or CD10 +. By contrast, CD4 was expressed in blasts from 44% of cases and this was not restricted to AML with a monocytic component (M4, M5) but also found in other subtypes. There were no significant differences in the clinical or prognostic features according to the positivity or negativity with TdT and CD4. By contrast, expression of CD7 was associated with refractoriness to the treatment or short complete remission duration, although the number of patients is too small to draw firm conclusions. Our findings support the clinical and diagnostic relevance of immunophenotypic studies in AML.