Dispersal of Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in an Apple Orchard After Inundative Releases

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Abstract
Rates of parasitism of the eggs of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and intra- and intertree dispersal of Trichogramma spp. were studied in an apple orchard after inundative releases of the parasitoid. During the first 2 days after release, dispersal of Trichogramma minutum from tree to tree was affected by prevailing winds. The rate of parasitism was higher in the trees downwind from the release point than in other trees. Vertical and horizontal dispersal within a tree by Trichogramma pretiosum Riley was even in all directions and was not affected by wind direction. The vertical and horizontal distribution of T. minutum within the release trees also was even in all directions; however, the vertical distribution of T. minutum within the trees adjacent to the release site was skewed toward the lower part of the tree canopy. Rain and low temperatures reduced the overall rate of parasitism of C. pomonella by T. minutum.

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