From Psychological Theory to Practice: Improving Frail Elders' Quality of Life Through Control-Enhancing Interventions

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Abstract
We explore ways in which psychological control theory can be applied with frail elders in long-term care, particularly those in institutional settings. We review the importance of perceived control in the maintenance of physical and psychological well-being, with particular emphasis on the frail elderly population. Several recommendations for enhancing clients' perceptions of control in long-term care service provision settings are discussed: (1) promoting choice and predictability, (2) eliminating helplessness-engendering stereotypes, (3) promoting positive attributions and a sense of responsibility, (4) providing early success experiences, (5) modifying unrealistic goals, and (6) using control-enhancing communication skills. We also address considerations and caveats for implementing control-enhancing interventions in the long-term care facility, as identified by prior research.