Preoperative Use of 3D Volume Rendering to Demonstrate Renal Tumors and Renal Anatomy

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Abstract
With increased use of computed tomography (CT) and abdominal ultrasonography, the indications for nephron-sparing surgery are also increasing. Triphasic helical CT and three-dimensional (3D) volume rendering can be combined into a single noninvasive test to delineate renal tumors and normal and complex renal anatomy prior to nephron-sparing surgery. This combination technique has proved accurate and very useful for both preoperative and intraoperative planning by demonstrating renal position, tumor location and depth of tumor extension into the kidney, relationship of the tumor to the collecting system, and renal vascular anatomy. Knowledge of the position of the kidney relative to the lower rib cage, iliac crest, and spine helps in planning the initial surgical incision. By depicting tumor location and depth of extension, helical CT with 3D volume rendering helps ensure complete tumor excision and conservation of adjacent normal renal parenchyma. Depiction of the relationship of the tumor to the collecting system helps anticipate further tumor extension and minimize postoperative complications. Identification of normal renal vasculature and anatomic variants can help minimize ischemic injury and intraoperative bleeding. Radiologists should be familiar with current indications for nephron-sparing surgery and understand what information is required prior to surgery.