Progress in Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ solar cells and submodules

Abstract
Cu(In,Ga)Se/sub 2/ based solar cells with total area efficiencies of 14.4% have been achieved using processes that exhibit very promising uniformity over areas above 500 cm/sup 2/. In order to develop interconnect schemes and optimize various parameters for large area modules, 40 cm/sup 2/ submodules with 10 segments are used. Progress in the interconnect formation and the ZnO characteristics are discussed. Despite a persisting difference between the fill factors of typical grided devices and of typical interconnected devices, efficiencies of 9.55% and 11.6% have been achieved on 35.38 cm/sup 2/ (10 segment) and 14.46 cm/sup 2/ (6 segment) submodules respectively.

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